Overview of the Second Opium War

In the mid-1850s, the European powers and the United States sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. This effort was led by the British who sought the opening of all of China to their merchants, an ambassador in Beijing, legalization of the opium trade, and the exemption of imports from tariffs. Unwilling to make further concessions to the West, the Qing government of Emperor Xianfeng refused these requests. Tensions were further heightened on October 8, 1856, when Chinese officials boarded the Hong Kong (then British) registered ship Arrow and removed 12 Chinese crewmen. In response to the Arrow Incident, British diplomats in Canton demanded the release of the prisoners and sought redress. The Chinese refused, stating that Arrow was involved in smuggling and piracy. To aid in dealing with the Chinese, the British contacted France, Russia, and the United States about forming an alliance. The French, angered by the recent execution of missionary August Chapdelaine by the Chinese, joined while the Americans and Russians sent envoys. In Hong Kong, the situation worsened following a failed attempt by the citys Chinese bakers to poison the citys European population. Early Actions In 1857, after dealing with the Indian Mutiny, British forces arrived at Hong Kong. Led by Admiral Sir Michael Seymour and Lord Elgin, they joined with the French under Marshall Gros and then attacked the forts on the Pearl River south of Canton. The governor of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, Ye Mingchen, ordered his soldiers not to resist and the British easily took control of the forts. Pressing north, the British and French seized Canton after a brief fight and captured Ye Mingchen. Leaving an occupying force at Canton, they sailed north and took the Taku Forts outside Tianjin in May 1858. Treaty of Tianjin With his military already dealing with the Taiping Rebellion, Xianfeng was unable to resist the advancing British and French. Seeking peace, the Chinese negotiated the Treaties of Tianjin. As part of the treaties, the British, French, Americans, and Russians were permitted to install legations in Beijing, ten additional ports would be opened to foreign trade, foreigners would be permitted to travel through the interior, and reparations would be paid to Britain and France. In addition, the Russians signed the separate Treaty of Aigun which gave them coastal land in northern China. Fighting Resumes While the treaties ended the fighting, they were immensely unpopular within Xianfengs government. Shortly after agreeing to the terms, he was persuaded to renege and dispatched Mongolian General Sengge Rinchen to defend the newly returned Taku Forts. The following June hostilities recommenced following Rinchens refusal to allow Admiral Sir James Hope to land troops to escort the new ambassadors to Beijing. While Richen was willing to allow the ambassadors to land elsewhere, he prohibited armed troops to accompany them. On the night of June 24, 1859, British forces cleared the Baihe River of obstacles and the next day Hopes squadron sailed in to bombard the Taku Forts. Meeting heavy resistance from the forts batteries, Hope was ultimately forced to withdrawal with the aid of Commodore Josiah Tattnall, whose ships violated US neutrality to assist the British. When asked why he intervened, Tattnall replied that blood is thicker than water. Stunned by this reversal, the British and French began assembling a large force at Hong Kong. By the summer of 1860, the army numbered 17,700 men (11,000 British, 6,700 French). Sailing with 173 ships, Lord Elgin and General Charles Cousin-Montauban returned to the Tianjin and landed on August 3 near Bei Tang, two miles from the Taku Forts. The forts fell on August 21. Having occupied Tianjin, the Anglo-French army began moving inland towards Beijing. As the enemy host approached, Xianfeng called for peace talks. These stalled following the arrest and torture of British envoy Harry Parkes and his party. On September 18, Rinchen attacked the invaders near Zhangjiawan but was repelled. As the British and French entered the Beijing suburbs, Rinchen made his final stand at Baliqiao. Mustering over 30,000 men, Rinchen launched several frontal assaults on the Anglo-French positions and was repulsed, destroying his army in the process. The way now open, Lord Elgin and Cousin-Montauban entered Beijing on October 6. With the army gone, Xianfeng fled the capital, leaving Prince Gong to negotiate peace. While in the city, British and French troops looted the Old Summer Palace and freed Western prisoners. Lord Elgin considered burning the Forbidden City as punishment for Chinese use of kidnapping and torture, but was talked into burning the Old Summer Palace instead by other diplomats. Aftermath In the following days, Prince Gong met with the Western diplomats and accepted the Convention of Peking. By the terms of the convention, the Chinese were forced to accept the validity of the Treaties of Tianjin, cede part of Kowloon to Britain, open Tianjin as a trade port, allow religious freedom, legalize the opium trade, and pay reparations to Britain and France. Though not a belligerent, Russia took advantage of Chinas weakness and concluded the Supplementary Treaty of Peking which ceded approximately 400,000 square miles of territory to St. Petersburg. The defeat of its military by a much smaller Western army showed the weakness of the Qing Dynasty and began a new age of imperialism in China. Domestically, this, coupled with the flight of the emperor and the burning of the Old Summer Palace, greatly damaged the Qings prestige leading many within China to begin questioning the governments effectiveness. Sources http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/opiumwars1.html http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/dwe/82012.htm

Formal Speech Formal Meeting - 1491 Words

FORMAL MEETING GUIDE U.S. 11648 Submitted By MAYANK TIMBADIYA BL5-14074758B Submitted to ANIKA VATS Vats.anika30@gmail.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 THE MARAE 1 MEETING IN MAORI –MAORI HUI 1 1. A TYPICAL AGENDA 1 2. THE PROCESS AND ANY REGULATIONS TO BE FOLLOWED AT A HUI 2 3. RECORDS REQUIREMENT OF HUI MEETING 2 COMPANY SHAREHOLDER MEETING- NEW ZEALAND CULTURE 3 1. RULES AND REGULATIONS OF MEETING 3 2. AGENDA 4 3. MEETING PROCESS 4 4. RECORD OF MEETING 4 GLOSSARY 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 Introduction The Marae is the place where Maori people can gather to discuss and debate, to celebrate, meetings or functions. This document tells us about meeting. In this document, I mention two different types of meetings organized by different cultures such as Maori culture and New Zealand culture. Before starting to read this document, it becomes very important to know about meeting. Meeting: A meeting is a gathering of persons convened to transact business, discussion matters of note or act in a matter of common interest. Meeting is an assembly of people for a particular purpose, especially for formal discussion. The Marae Hui Maori is another instance of a meeting. Meeting of Maori culture is known as â€Å"The Marae†. The Marae is totally central to the Maori approach of life; it is a concentration for teams WHO share kinship, whanau, hapu, iwi. Here they meet discussion and debate, to celebrate, to welcome the living and bid farewell to those who have passed on.The Marae, holy openShow MoreRelatedCommunication in Health and Social Care1156 Words   |  5 Pagesexpression between two or more people. It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic conversation. Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of verbal communication. Face to face communication (meetings, lectures, conferences, interviews, etc.) is significant so as to build a rapport and trust. Non-verbal communication is behaviour, other than spoken or written communication, that creates or represents meaning. In other words, it includes facialRead MoreFormal Meeting Guide For Two Nz Cultures Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesFORMAL MEETING GUIDE FOR TWO NZ CULTURES SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO: CZE ZHAR D. TRINIDAD ANIKA VATS czezhar29@gmail.com vats.anika30@gmail.com 14115494B Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 MAORI CULTURE 4 MAORI HUI (CEREMONY and GREETINGS) 5 NEW ZEALAND CULTURE 6 BUSINESS MEETING 6 PROCESSING AT MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS 7 REGULATIONRead MoreImportant Factors to Remember when Giving a Speech635 Words   |  3 Pagescommunicate with the other students. However, things changed after I got into English 150 class. My communication skill gets better day to day and now I am able to deliver a speech. As the time passed, I have delivered more than 2 speeches and I feel confident now to talk. In this essay, I want to reflect what I have learnt from my speech for the assignment 4 (Exploring a Campus Organization); dress code, tone of voice, eye contact, and a hooked introduction. First, let’s talk about the dress code. PersonallyRead MoreDifferent Forms Of Non Verbal And Verbal Communication1376 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-verbal and verbal communication. Professionals in health and social care need to understand how communication and interpersonal interaction occur in many different contexts. Could be formal, informal - one-to-one, group of people. could be verbal or non-verbal. 1. one-to-one 2. group of communication 3 formal communication 4. posture 5. eye contact. 2A.P1 Communication is a process of sending and receiving message between two or more people in order to achieve a desired action or effect. communicationRead MoreFormal and Informal Meetings, An Outline Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pages1. Formal meetings: Meetings can be formal or informal. Formal meetings are pre-planned which required two or more people who have assembled for the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal interaction. Functions: †¢ To bring together a range of knowledge and experience. †¢ To gather information. †¢ To develop co-operation and commitment. †¢ To aid problem solving. †¢ To strategy decision making. †¢ To influence policy. ï  ¶ Identify the functions of formal meetings and the source regulationRead MoreDetermine Your Audience Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pagesfactor to consider when trying to determine your audience is knowing your audiences knowledge about the subject matter you are presenting. For example, if your audience is full doctors, you can probably safely assume that they will not be lost by your speech about blood pathogens. If, however, you are unsure of your audiences level of grasping the knowledge you are presenting, research should be conducted to determine your audiences intelligence level. Your goal as a speaker should be not to intimidateRead MoreCulture And Values Of New Zealand Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesFORMAL MEETING GUIDE TWO CULTURES This Report is about the multi culture of New Zealand SAHIL KUMAR 14075027b Submitted to ANIKA VATS Assignment no: 11647 â€Æ' Contents INTRODUCTION 3 MAORI CULTURE 3 OTHER CULTURE 3 ABOUT HUI 3 PROCESS OF MEETING 4 AGENDA 4 DATE AND TIME 4 BEHAVIOUR AND FORMAL 4 ROLES 4 PREPARE IN ADVANCE 5 COMMUNICATION SKILL 5 NOTICE OF MEETING 5 REGULATION OF MEETING 5 RECORD OF THE MEETING 5 COUNTDOWN 5 AGENDA 6 PLANNING AND PROCEDURESRead MoreCypop 23632 Words   |  3 Pages1. UNDERSTAND THE SPEECH, LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION ASSESSMENT PROCESS FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE WHO ARE LEARNING MORE THAN ONE LANGUAGE. 1.1 Explain how to identify which languages are used by children and young people in the work setting. It is important to gain information regarding a child’s exposure to languages during the initial meeting with parents or carers as soon as the child starts nursery. It is vital to gain as much information possible regarding their culture, backgroundRead MoreCommunication Cycle1446 Words   |  6 Pages Formal Formal communication is when two people are talking to each other using the service. For example: when a person has a doctor appointment or being at work place and talk to your supervisor. The formal communications often stars with welcome such as ‘good morning’. In a health and social care setting formal communication is used nearly every day. This is because the workers talk to each other to pass on information and confirm certain things. (Collins Education, 2012). In-formal InRead MoreFormal Communication1208 Words   |  5 PagesFormal Communication Formal communication can be considered as communication efforts that are â€Å"dressed up† to fit customary rules and ceremony For example, in a written letter, the formal communication style will demand that the layout of the piece of written communication follow a specific format that includes the date, header, salutation, body of the letter, close, signature lines and any indicators of enclosures all placed neatly upon company letterhead or personal stationery. By contrast, an

Fish Essay Free Essays

Below is a free essay on â€Å"Fish Market† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Be there, play,make their day and choose your attitude. Those are the four simple steps that the Pike Place Fish Market in Seattle, Washington uses to provide exceptional customer service. We will write a custom essay sample on Fish Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now After seeing the Fish video, I think that every business should do business the way that Pike Place does. What does it mean to really be there for your customers? The way Pike Place Fish Market sees it, you should be one on one with your customer. When you are helping someone, you should focus on what they need and make them feel like more than just a customer. The second step to exceptional customer service is play. Whether it’s throwing fish or making jokes, the employees at the Pike Place Fish Market know how to keep the job fun. In the Fish video, I watched the employees having fun by repeating what eachother says. The third step is make their day. As a crowd of 100+ people gather around the fish market to watch the employees having a great time, they get to become part of that. In the video, one of the men said that sometimes they get people walking by that are having a bad day and they are just in a really bad mood and after talking to the employees, they walk away with a smile on their face. They event let onlookers join in on throwing and catching the fish. The employees will even tell people in the crowd how beautiful they are just to make their day. The last of the four simple steps is choose your attitude. It’s hard to have fun at work if you are in a bad mood. When working at a place like Pike Place, it should be easy tobe in good spirits at work because they make it fun. But in order to make it fun they have to show up in a good mood. The employees have to choose their attitude. If one person is upset it could make the whole staff have a bad day. How to cite Fish Essay, Essay examples

Fish Essay Free Essays

Below is a free essay on â€Å"Fish Market† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Be there, play,make their day and choose your attitude. Those are the four simple steps that the Pike Place Fish Market in Seattle, Washington uses to provide exceptional customer service. We will write a custom essay sample on Fish Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now After seeing the Fish video, I think that every business should do business the way that Pike Place does. What does it mean to really be there for your customers? The way Pike Place Fish Market sees it, you should be one on one with your customer. When you are helping someone, you should focus on what they need and make them feel like more than just a customer. The second step to exceptional customer service is play. Whether it’s throwing fish or making jokes, the employees at the Pike Place Fish Market know how to keep the job fun. In the Fish video, I watched the employees having fun by repeating what eachother says. The third step is make their day. As a crowd of 100+ people gather around the fish market to watch the employees having a great time, they get to become part of that. In the video, one of the men said that sometimes they get people walking by that are having a bad day and they are just in a really bad mood and after talking to the employees, they walk away with a smile on their face. They event let onlookers join in on throwing and catching the fish. The employees will even tell people in the crowd how beautiful they are just to make their day. The last of the four simple steps is choose your attitude. It’s hard to have fun at work if you are in a bad mood. When working at a place like Pike Place, it should be easy tobe in good spirits at work because they make it fun. But in order to make it fun they have to show up in a good mood. The employees have to choose their attitude. If one person is upset it could make the whole staff have a bad day. How to cite Fish Essay, Essay examples